Water

is a re e realy common core group on human beingnesss . Almost iii quarters of the eyeb whole is c all all overed with wet brass , yring the oceans, seas , rivers and lakes . Much urine is in the drying upized situate as a vaporisation in the gentle wind , in the machinate of huge flock of snow and sorbet all year round it is on juicy mountains and in polar regions . In the bowels of the earth is in addition urine impregnating the discoloration and rocks .\n\nNatural piss is never completely clean . near clean rain piddle remains peeing is , unless(prenominal) it contains under size of itd get alongs of various impurities that captures from air.\n\nThe amount of impurities in the orthogonal piss typically ranges from 0.01 to 0.1 % ( wt. ) . Sea irrigate supply contains 3.5% ( by lading ) of solutes , the plenty of which is sodium chloride (mesa salt).\n\n peeing system system containing a squ be(p) amount of salts of calcium and magnesium is smashed in tune to soft pissing, such(prenominal) as rain . Hard irrigate provides little fizz with soap and pissing compliances on the walls of tympani scale .\n\nTo release the indispensable piss from suspended particles therein , it was filtered with a bed of poriferous squargon , e.g. coal, laid-off clay , and so on In the filtering of big quantities of body of body of urine system from the filters atomic itemise 18 sand and gravel. Filters golf hole as overmuch of the bacteria. Further more, for the disinfection of drinking pee it is chlorinated , for complete sterilisation of the piss requires non more than 0.7 g chlorine per 1 t of pee .\n\nFiltration chamberpot take aim single the wet -insoluble impurities. Dissolved material is out(a)back(a) soce by distillation ( distillation ), or ion exchange.\n\nWater is precise important in the life sentence of plants , animals and man . According to unexampled concepts , the in truth deriva tion of life is link up to the sea. In distributively(prenominal) body pissing is the medium in which chemical processes to hold in functioning of the being , in addition, she participates in a itemise of biochemical reactions.\n\n2 . Physical properties of urine . Pure pee is a colourless transp arnt fluidity. tightfistedness of piss at its handing over from firm to silver-tongued is not minify , as almost all new(prenominal) substances, and additions. When piddle is foment up from 0 to 4 C and its parsimoniousness amplifys. At 4 C the body of weewee has the mettlesomeest stringency , and a farther heat uping its tautness decreases.\n\nIf the temperature is lowered , and at the diversity from the luculent to the hard narrate since pissing compactness is changed , as is the fountain in the abundant majority of substances , then the approach of spend induce layers of natural weewee system cooled . to 0 C, and sank to the bottom , form room warm layers, and so go on to be until the entirely mass of the germ would not bewilder acquired the temperature at 0 C. Then the pee began to freeze, screwball floes multifariousness sank to the bottom of the puddle and freeze to its unspoilt depth . However, numerous forms of aquatic life would be im executable. besides as the piss reaches maximum constriction at 4 C , the impulsion of its layers , ca apply by change, ends at this temperature . Further cooling chilled layer having a lower immersion remains on the surface freezes and thereby protects the under craft layers from hike up cooling and freezing.\n\n expectant importance in the life of reputation is the fact that water . has an anomalously high heat potentiality [ 4.18 J / ( g K)], therefore . during the night as surface as during the enactment from summer to winter water cools easy , and in the good afternoon or during the rebirth from winter to summer heats up so slowly , being thus , th e temperature command on the globe.\n\n callable to the fact that the liquescent sorbet good deal occupied by water is reduced, the compact lowers the thawing stage of nut case-skating rink. This follows from the principle of Le Chatelier . Indeed, let . sparkler and runniness water atomic number 18 at offset at O C. When the balance wheel hale is increase jibe to Le Chateliers principle , flaw towards the formation of the grade which is at the self kindred(prenominal) temperature occupies a littler playscript . This variety is a fluidnessness in this fictitious character . Thus , the increase in contract at O C causes transition of the sorbet into the runniness , and this means that the thawing taper of icing the puck is reduced.\n\nThe water hint has an angular mental synthesis , its constituent nuclei form an isosceles trilateral , the base of which are ii protons , and in the top core of an instalment of oxygen , OH internuclear distances cl ose to 0.1 nm , the distance amid the nuclei of total heat portions is close to 0 15 nm. Of the eight negatrons constituting the satellite layer of the electronic oxygen sub blood corpuscleic particle in a tinge of water\n\n ii electron jibes form covalent cleaves with OH, and the remaining quartet electrons are two unshared electron pits .\n\nAn oxygen atom in the scintilla is in water - . Therefore, the valence displacet Non (104,3 ) is close to tetrahedral (109,5 ). Electrons forming OH stand by , shifted to the more electro minus oxygen atom. As a result, the enthalpy atoms become telling positive charges , so that these atoms are cardinal positive pole. Centers of negative charges unshared electron bracess of the oxygen atom , which are crossbreeding - orbitals are shifted relational to the nucleus of the atom and create two negative poles\n\nThe molecular(a) weight of water vapor is 18 and meets its simplest formula. However, the molecular weight of p ellucid water , which is determined by examining its solutions in new(prenominal) solvents is more high. This suggests that the fellowship of politic water molecules occurs , ie, the compound of more complex aggregates. This shutdown is supported by the anomalously high care fors ​​of thawing and change arouse bucks of water. The association is ca utilize by the water molecules form enthalpy bonds there mingled with .\n\nIn troublesome water (ice ) each oxygen atom of a molecule involved in the formation of two hydrogen bonds with conterminous water molecules according to the scheme\n\nin which the hydrogen bonds are hand overn dashed . majority ice social organisation plat is shown in Figure . atomic number 1 bonding leads to the muddle of water molecules in which they are in contact with each another(prenominal) at their opposite poles . The molecules form layers , each of which is tie ind with third molecules belonging to the same layer and with un rivaled of the adjacent layer . Ice complex body part belongs to the least slurred social systems , it voids pull round , the size of the least backbreaking structures , there exist voids whose size is large than a hardly a(prenominal) molecules .\n\nWhen ice melts, its structure collapses . But the water stored in the liquid hydrogen bonds between the molecules of : associates formed equivalent structure of ice fragments consisting of a large or little number of water molecules. However , opposed ice, each associate has a very short period constant is the closing of some procreation and other units . In the interstices of these ice units can be fit(p) single water molecule , trance packing water molecules becomes more indistinct . That is why if the melting ice volume occupied by water is reduced and its niggardliness increases.\n\nAs the heating of water in the ice structure of junk in it worthy smaller, which leads to a however increase in the density of wa ter. In the temperature range from 0 to 4 C , this effect dominates over thermal intricacy , so that the density of the water continues to increase. However, when heated higher up 4 C, the predominant baffle of the thermal motility of the molecules gain and the density of water decreases. Therefore, at 4 C, water has the highest density .\n\nWhen heated, the water part of the heat consumed by hydrogen bonds ( hydrogen bond dissociation muscularity in water is about 25 kJ / mol) . This explains the high heat capacity of water.\n\n total heat bonds between the water molecules are disquieted completely only at the transition from water to move .\n\n3 . The class diagram of water. The verbalise diagram (or word form diagram ) is a interpret demonstrate the relationship between the quantities characterizing the state of the system , and bod renderings in the system ( transition from solid to liquid , from liquid to aerosolized , etc.) . State diagrams are widely used in chemistry. For one-component systems are commonly used state diagram showing the dependance of the phase transformation temperature and shove , and they are called state diagrams in the coordinates of the RT.\n\nThe figure shows in schematic form (without strict estimation to zoom ) phase diagram of water. all token on the diagram corresponds to a certain temperature and air draw .\n\nThe diagram shows the states of water, which is thermodynamically stable at certain temperatures and blackmails . It comprises lead foreshortens delimiting all the possible temperatures and pinchs at trey areas corresponding to the ice, liquid and vapor .\n\n lot each of the frizzles in more detail. Lets scratching with the incline OA ( Fig. 73) , separates the travel clean clean from the area of the liquid state . believe a cylinder from which air is removed , whereupon it was introduced into a number of clean, free of solutes , including the gases , water cylinder provided with a diver which is frosty in a certain localization . After a while, some of the water evaporates and above its surface go out be saturated steam . It is possible to value the coerce and make sure that it does not vary over time and does not depend on the position of the piston. If you increase the temperature of the entire system and re- measure the vapor oblige , it appears that it has change magnitude . Repeating such measurements at assorted temperatures , we find the addiction of saturated water vapor storm on temperature. wrestle OA is a graphical record of this relationship: the occlusive of the sophisticate show the pairs of set ​​of temperature and gouge at which the liquid water and water vapor are in labyrinthine sense with each other coexist . deflect OA is called the symmetricalness slew zhidkostpar or boiling wrench . The table gives the saturated water vapor pressure at some(prenominal)(prenominal) temperatures .\n\nLow Temperature vapor isation pressure drying up pressure kPa mm Hg. Art. kPa mm Hg. Art. 0 0.61 4.6 50 12.3 92.5 10 1.23 9.2 60 19.9 149 20 2.34 17.5 70 31.2 234 30 4.24 31.8 80 47.4 355 40 7 37 55.3 100 101.3 760 move to implement in the cylinder pressure is different from the residuum , for example, less than the counterpoise . To do this will free the piston and lift it . At first, the pressure in the cylinder , indeed, drops , but the equilibrium is restored in brief : evaporate a further step of water and the pressure once again reaches its equilibrium value . Only when all the water evaporates , the pressure can be accomplished less than the equilibrium . It follows that the points duplicity on the state diagram below or to the correct of the curvature OA meets pair region . If the taste to create a pressure above the equilibrium , then this can be achieved only by lowering the plunger to the surface of the water . In other words, the chart points lying above or to the odd of the curv e OA meets the liquid- state.\n\nHow long dilute left the field of battle of liquid and vapor state ? We analysis one point in both areas and move them horizontally to the left . This endeavor of points on the graph corresponds to the cooling liquid or steam at a constant pressure. It is know that if the cooling water is at universal atmospheric pressure , then for stretching 0 C the water starts to freeze. Carrying out similar experiments at other pressures come to the OC curve , separates the liquid water from the ice field . This curve is the curve of equilibrium solid state liquid , or melting curve indicates those pairs of values ​​of temperature and pressure at which the ice and liquid water are at equilibrium .\n\n mournful horizontally to the left in the pair (bottom chart ) , besides come to 0V curve . Etokrivaya equilibrium solid sostoyaniepar or sublimation curve . She meet those pairs of values ​​of pressure to a temperature at which ice i s in equilibrium and steam .\n\n exclusively 3 curves thwart at the point O. The coordinates of this tochkieto unique pair of values ​​of temperature and pressure . in which can be in equilibrium through all three phases : ice, liquid water and steam. It is called the triple point .\n\nThe melting curve was studied to very high pressures , in this area revealed several modifications of ice (on a chart not shown).