Literature Review on Emotions Across Cultures

Literature follow on Emotions Across CulturesMs. Shweta GaikwadRESEARCH METHODOLOGY OF EMOTIONS ACCROSS CULTURES (EMIC, ETIC OR A crew OF BOTH) macrocosmThe terms emic and etic were coined in 1954, by linguist Kenneth Pike, who argued that the tools developed for describing lingual behaviors could be adapted to the description of any human social behavior. Emic and Etic argon terms use by anthropologists and by early(a)s in the social and behavioral sciences to refer to two kinds of data concerning human behavior. In particular, they be apply in ethnical anthropology to refer to kinds of fieldwork done and view spirit levels obtained.In the field of cross- ethnic look for, the emic access involves examining one culture at a time to measure how inner(a)rs or participants interpret a phenomenon. The criteria for evaluating behaviors relate to the insiders, and the structure is discovered by the investigators. On the other hand, the etic flak involves comparing different cu ltures. Behavior is examine from the emplacement of an remoter, the criteria for evaluating behaviors are viewed as universal and the structure is created by the investigate workers. descriptionThe emic accession investigates how local people think (Kottak, 2006). How they distinguish and categorize the world, their rules for behavior, what has moment for them, and how they imagine and explain things. The etic approach realizes that members of a culture often are too involved in what they are doing to interpret their cultures impartiallyThe etic (scientist-oriented) approach shifts the focus from local observations, categories, explanations, and interpretations to those of anthropologist.When using the etic approach, the ethnographer emphasizes what he or she considers important.Early Etic and desperate studies in PsychologySwiss psychoanalyst, Carl Jung, is a police detective who took an etic approach in his studies. Jung studied mythology, religion, ancient rituals, and dreams conduct him to believe that there are archetypes used to categorize peoples behaviors. Archetypes are universal structures of the collective unconscious mind that refer to the inherent way of life people are predisposed to perceive and process information. The main archetypes that Jung studied were the persona (how people choose to surrender themselves to the world), the animus/ anima (part of people experiencing the world in viewing the opposite sex, that guides how they allot their romantic partner), and the shadow (dark side of personalities because people puddle a invention of evil. Well-adjusted people must integrate both good and sorry parts of themselves). Jung looked at the role of the mother and deduced that all people have mothers and see their mothers in a similar way they offer fostering and comfort. His studies in like manner suggest that infants have evolved to suck milk from the breast, it is also the quality that all children have inborn tendencie s to react in certain ways. This way of looking at the mother is an etic way of applying a concept cross- culturally and universally.Recent Researches on Emic and Epic across CultureI) West Meets east Incorporating the Emic Perspective for Cross-culturalBusiness Communication by Yunxia Zhu, University of Queensland Business prepareThe police detective has shed lighten on the rapid development of world(prenominal)ization and globalization, cross-cultural air talk is drawing increasing researchattention. The researcher has reviewed and reported findings based on 177 journal papers, published after 1990, in assorted Journals of Business Communication.The researcher indicates that there has been a shift of research focus towardsAsia and other emerging economies with the rise of Asia and Latin America(e.g., China, India, and Brazil) in the world economic arena. However, some Scholars contemplate dominant approach of crosscultural communication and management is Still largely bas ed on polarised cultural dimensions, (e.g., individuation and collectivism). Hofstedes (2001).The research highlights the issue relating to the imbalanced emic-etic focus and propose unique(predicate) ways of addressing this imbalance, through the discussion on the following three pointsIntroduction of the concepts of emic and etic perspective, and discussion of the relevance to cross-cultural business communication.The sources of emic researches and suggest ways of incorporating them.The notional and practical implications of applying the emic perspective and suggest some future research directions.The researcher refers to Kenneth Pikes (1967) contri exception and definition of the terms epic and ethic and concludes that the etic unit was from the right(prenominal) in, providing access into the system but only as the starting point of analysis the full understanding of the emic is the ultimate end point. However the researcher fails to mention the terms are coined priory by Pi kes in 1954.According to the researcher the importance of the emic approach has drawn increasing research attention but it has not been given sufficient research attention in cross-cultural business communication. Also it is crucial to explore and incorporateThe emic perspectives in narrate to reach a balanced view nigh the culture and communication in the raw(a) economic and cross-cultural contexts.The researcher has further discussed the enforce Ethic approach, The Integrative Etic-Emic Approach and Emically Derived Etic Approach with relevance to various researches in the respective fields. There are enough evidences of researchesIn conclusion the expant research points to the imperative of incorporating the emic perspective in order to explore the nuances and richness of cultures. Whereas, the emic perspective is especially important today when the eastward meets the West.The get of incorporating emic perspectives has both hypothetic and practical implications. Theoretical ly, the emic can complement the etic approach, hence extending the general etic approach.The researcher further suggests future admit can examine how emic perspectives can extend other cultural dimensions. Also indicating that various theories can be viewed in the light of emic perspective to derive or facilitate culture studies.The limit or overlapping of the theories is also pointed out that some imposed etic or prevalent occidental theories are in fact emic in nature. Thus leading to the need to identify the limitations of these theories including tracing sources and contexts of these theories while applying them.The researcher shows that the emic sources of knowledge also extend the etic approach, offering us a wider range of alternative perspectives from emic sources for cross-cultural adaptation. For example, we can be to a greater extent flexible with communication styles with different sort of people in different contexts.The researcher concludes with the conception th at there is potential for developing new theories and for complementing extant theories drawing from emic sources, which will help to reach significant impact and answer the so what question for cross-cultural business communication research.II) Toward a new approach to the study of personality in culture. byCheung, Fanny M. van de Vijver, Fons J. R. Leong, Frederick T. L.The research reviews recent developments in the study of culture and personality measurement. Three approaches are described an etic approach that focuses on establishing measurement equivalence in imported measures of personality, an emic (indigenous) approach that studies personality in specific cultures, and a combined emicetic approach to personality. The research proposes the latter approach as a way of combining the methodological rigor of the etic approach and the cultural sensitivity of the emic approach. The combined approach is illustrated by two examples the offshoot with origins in Chinese culture an d the second in South Africa. The clause ends with a discussion of the theoretical and practical implications of the combined emicetic approach for the study of culture and personality and for psychology as a science.III) Views From Inside and remote Integrating Emic and Etic Insights about Culture and Justice Judgment by Michael W. Morris, Stanford UniversityKwok Leung, Chinese University of Hong Kong Daniel Ames, University of California at Berkeley and Brian Lickel, University of California at Santa Barbara.The research focuses on synergy between emic and etic approaches to research on culture and cognition. The research contemplates the combinatory limitation as well as simulative progressive characteristics of emic and etic approaches to research.The research notes that the emic or inside perspective follows in the tradition ofpsychological studies of folk beliefs (Wundt, 1888) and The etic or outside perspectivefollows in the tradition of behaviourist psychology (Skinner, 19 38).The two perspectives/approaches persists in contemporary scholarship, in psychology, between cultural psychologists (Shweder, 1991) and cross-cultural psychologists (Smith Bond, 1998).Varied views on emic and etic approaches, as facilitating and bringing limitations to one another as integrative, with context to anthropology, comparatives and psychology, are elaborated. Further contemplating that, emic and etic researchers tend to have differing assumptions about culture. Emic researchers tend to assume that a culture is best understood as an interconnected whole or system, whereas etic researchers are more likely to isolate particular components of culture and state hypotheses about their distinct antecedents and consequences.The researchers agree that there is differences in justice judgments do in East Asian cultural settings, as opposed to Western settings. The researchers examine selected results from the two key components of distributive justice perception selecting pri nciples and construing behavior.East Asian cultures have suggested that the principle of harmony is salient in Confucist cultural settings (Hsu, 1953). Whereas Western common sense and theory (Deutsch,1985). Chinese respondents give more weight to group-oriented values than do North Americans (e.g., Singh,Huang, Thompson, 1962).Emic research has revealed novel constructs (e.g., benevolence as a means to harmony), has challenged etic constructs (the notion that individuals adherence to individualistand left-winger values is captured by a unitary dimension), and has suggested new solutions(e.g., distinguishing types of ingroup relations). Insights concerning cultural influence on theinterpretation of behavior relevant to justice comes mostly from emic studies. Emic analysis of how culture shapes judgment of deservingness has gone furthest in studies of indigenous Chinese constructs. Although there can be no head that an employees social connections enter into appraisals in many W estern settings, the role of an employees connectionsin an evaluation of his or her worth generally is left implicit and unarticulated by Western observers.To summarize the researchers have described some(prenominal) forms of foreplay in whichdevelopments within each research tradition are elicit and challenged by findings in theother tradition. Moreover, researchers have argued that an integrative explanatory fabric incorporating insights from both traditions avoids limitations of purely etic and purely emic findings in conceptualizing culture and in capturing its various influences on cognition.In conclusion , the researchers have argued that integrative frameworks have several advantages as guides to solving the applied problem of managing justice perceptionsin international organizations. That is, an integrative framework enables better anticipationof employees justice sensitivities, better stopping point making about a firms policy options,and, once a policy is chosen, bet ter implementation.ConclusionThe researches on etic and epic approaches suggest that use of integrative approach provides a better understanding of cross-cultural researches. The cultural differences in context to personality, organizational, communication and emotion studies can be broadly generalise if the integrative approach is used. The limitations of one approach are the advantage of the other. Many studies indicate that some emic studies include an epic approach.REFERENCESCheung, F. M. van de Vijver, Fons J. R. Leong, Frederick T. L. (2011)Toward a new approach to the study of personality in culture. American Psychologist, Vol. 66(7), pp.593-603.Retrived on nineteenth November 2013 fromhttp//psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=buy.optionToBuyid=2011-01448-001Emic and Etic Researches-conceptRetrieved on 19th November 2013 fromhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emic_and_eticFriedman, Howard S Schustack, Miriam W (2012), Personality Classic Theories and current Research, Boston Pearson Ally n Bacon.Kottak, Conrad (2006), Mirror for Humanity, New York, NY McGraw Hill.Morris, M. W. Leung, K. Ames, D. and Lickel, B.( 1999).Views From Inside and Outside Integrating Emic and Etic Insights about Culture and Justice Judgment.Academy of Management Review, Vol. 24. No. 1781-796.